Von Neumann’s Self-Reproducing Automaton: How a Theory is Born

Between 1946 and 1956, John von Neumann attempted to develop a theory of automata that could encompass both artificial and biological systems. During the study, he became interested in the problem of self-reproduction and designed a self-reproducing automaton. This thesis examines von Neumann’s work on self-reproduction through his writings and lectures, focusing on his motivations, objectives, and methodology. We show that von Neumann had the engineering objective of building more advanced computers, and trace the unifying nature of his theory to the recognition of the superior capabilities of living organisms. We identify key characteristics of his methodology: the logical focus, the use of axiomatization, the interdisciplinarity, and the notion of complication, i.e., the complexity of the automata operations. Building on this, we analyze the problem of self-reproduction. We show its connections to the concept of complication and the unifying character, but also argue that it represents a deviation from the engineering goal and the established methodology. Finally, by describing his self-reproducing automaton, we illustrate how von Neumann leveraged his own experience and limited prior scientific results to produce an innovative design.