Sustainable Future of Mobillity: potential alternatives to traditional fuels for transportation

The future of personal transportation presents opportunities for innovation and transformation, despite uncertainties. The ongoing digitalization of the automotive sector marks a profound shift in its 140-year history, driven by technological advancements, declining costs, urbanization, and rising demand for efficient mobility solutions (Llopis-Albert et al., 2021). Consumers increasingly favor digital services such as online sales, car-sharing, and peer-to-peer lending, reflecting a shift toward convenience and personalization. However, transportation remains a major contributor to air pollution (Lee et al., 2021). The automotive industry is undergoing significant transformation, requiring investment and new business models. Vehicles are evolving into "network nodes on wheels" (Mitchell et al., 2010), while environmental concerns and regulations push OEMs toward sustainable propulsion technologies. This aligns with consumer expectations for cleaner, more sustainable mobility (Chapman, 2007; Hickman & Banister, 2005). This study focuses on hydrogen as a key fuel for decarbonizing transportation. Hydrogen fuel cells offer a compelling solution where Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) face limitations. Together, BEVs and hydrogen fuel cells reduce fossil fuel dependence and mitigate vehicular emissions (Anderson & Anderson, 2010; McKinsey, 2024a). The urgency of these developments is underscored by global health statistics. As of 2024, COVID-19 has caused 7,064,380 deaths (WHO, 2024a), while ambient and household air pollution accounts for nearly 7 million annual deaths, particularly in the Middle East, Northern Africa, and China (Ritchie & Roser, 2024). Alarmingly, 99% of the population is exposed to unhealthy particulate matter levels (WHO, 2023a), highlighting air pollution as a leading risk factor for noncommunicable diseases (WHO, 2024b). Addressing this challenge remains a critical public health priority.