On the CISO and the necessity of this role in a data-driven era

As we are currently living in the era of digital transformation, the security of our data is increasingly becoming a necessity and not just a small function of a business or a government. The role of the Chief Information Security Officer might be the key to face this challenge in the proper way and with the right awareness. This thesis aims to understand the current state of the art of the role by exploring literature on a CISO's right competencies, the relevant standards and certifications they should refer to, the right position for them in the organizational chart and the specific responsibilities they should face. Would it be possible to find a universal standard for the role?